import array
import collections
import itertools

# Placeholder constants
FREE = -1
DUMMY = -2

class Dict(collections.MutableMapping):
    'Space efficient dictionary with fast iteration and cheap resizes.'

    def _lookup(self, key, hashvalue):
        'Same lookup logic as currently used in real dicts'
        assert self.filled < len(self.indices)   # At least one open slot
        freeslot = None
        PERTURB_SHIFT = 5
        if hashvalue < 0:
            perturb = -hashvalue
        else:
            perturb = hashvalue
        n = len(self.indices)
        i = perturb & (n-1)
        while True:
            index = self.indices[i]
            if index == FREE:
                return (FREE, i) if freeslot is None else (DUMMY, freeslot)
            elif index == DUMMY:
                freeslot = i
            elif (self.keylist[index] is key or
                  self.hashlist[index] == hashvalue
                  and self.keylist[index] == key):
                    return (index, i)
            i = 5 * i + perturb + 1
            i = i & (n-1)
            perturb >>= PERTURB_SHIFT

    @staticmethod
    def _make_index(n):
        'New sequence of indices using the smallest possible datatype'
        if n <= 2**7: return array.array('b', [FREE]) * n       # signed char
        if n <= 2**15: return array.array('h', [FREE]) * n      # signed short
        if n <= 2**31: return array.array('l', [FREE]) * n      # signed long
        return [FREE] * n                                       # python integers

    def _resize(self, n):
        '''Reindex the existing hash/key/value entries.
           Entries do not get moved, they only get new indices.
           No calls are made to hash() or __eq__().

        '''
        n = 2 ** n.bit_length()                     # round-up to power-of-two
        self.indices = self._make_index(n)
        PERTURB_SHIFT = 5
        for index, hashvalue in enumerate(self.hashlist):
            if hashvalue < 0:
                perturb = -hashvalue
            else:
                perturb = hashvalue
            i = hashvalue & (n-1)
            while True:
                if self.indices[i] == FREE:
                    break
                i = 5 * i + perturb + 1
                i = i & (n-1)
                perturb >>= PERTURB_SHIFT
            self.indices[i] = index
        self.filled = self.used

    def clear(self):
        self.indices = self._make_index(8)
        self.hashlist = []
        self.keylist = []
        self.valuelist = []
        self.used = 0
        self.filled = 0                                         # used + dummies

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
        try:
            self.keylist
        except AttributeError:
            self.clear()
        self.update(*args, **kwds)

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        hashvalue = hash(key)
        index, i = self._lookup(key, hashvalue)
        if index < 0:
            raise KeyError(key)
        return self.valuelist[index]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        hashvalue = hash(key)
        index, i = self._lookup(key, hashvalue)
        if index < 0:
            self.indices[i] = self.used
            self.hashlist.append(hashvalue)
            self.keylist.append(key)
            self.valuelist.append(value)
            self.used += 1
            if index == FREE:
                self.filled += 1
                if self.filled * 3 > len(self.indices) * 2:
                    self._resize(4 * len(self))
        else:
            self.valuelist[index] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        hashvalue = hash(key)
        index, i = self._lookup(key, hashvalue)
        if index < 0:
            raise KeyError(key)
        self.indices[i] = DUMMY
        self.used -= 1
        # If needed, swap with the lastmost entry to avoid leaving a "hole"
        if index != self.used:
            lasthash = self.hashlist[-1]
            lastkey = self.keylist[-1]
            lastvalue = self.valuelist[-1]
            lastindex, j = self._lookup(lastkey, lasthash)
            assert lastindex >= 0 and i != j
            self.indices[j] = index
            self.hashlist[index] = lasthash
            self.keylist[index] = lastkey
            self.valuelist[index] = lastvalue
        # Remove the lastmost entry
        self.hashlist.pop()
        self.keylist.pop()
        self.valuelist.pop()

    def __len__(self):
        return self.used

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.keylist)

    def iterkeys(self):
        return iter(self.keylist)

    def keys(self):
        return list(self.keylist)

    def itervalues(self):
        return iter(self.valuelist)

    def values(self):
        return list(self.valuelist)

    def iteritems(self):
        return itertools.izip(self.keylist, self.valuelist)

    def items(self):
        return zip(self.keylist, self.valuelist)

    def __contains__(self, key):
        index, i = self._lookup(key, hash(key))
        return index >= 0

    def get(self, key, default=None):
        'D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None.'
        index, i = self._lookup(key, hash(key))
        return self.valuelist[index] if index >= 0 else default

    def popitem(self):
        ''' D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
            2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        '''
        try:
            key = self.keylist[-1]
            value = self.valuelist[-1]
        except IndexError:
            raise KeyError( 'popitem(): dictionary is empty')
        del self[key]
        return key, value

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Dict(%r)' % self.items()

    def show_structure(self):
        'Diagnostic method.  Not part of the API.'
        print '=' * 50
        print self
        print 'Indices:', self.indices
        for i, row in enumerate(zip(self.hashlist, self.keylist, self.valuelist)):
            print i, row
        print '-' * 50


if __name__ == '__main__':
    import sys
    def f():
        if len(sys.argv) > 1:
            d = {}
        else:
            d = Dict()
        class A(object):
            pass
        for i in range(10000000):
            d[i] = A()
    f()